HTML 简介
HTML 实例
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>hello word</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>我的第一个标题</h1>
<p>我的第一个段落。</p>
</body>
</html>
- 声明为 HTML5 文档
- 元素是 HTML 页面的根元素
- 元素包含了文档的元（meta）数据，如 定义网页编码格式为 utf-8。
- </strong> 元素描述了文档的标题</li>
<li><strong><body></strong> 元素包含了可见的页面内容</li>
<li><strong><h1></strong> 元素定义一个大标题</li>
<li><strong><p></strong> 元素定义一个段落</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>注：</strong>在浏览器的页面上使用键盘上的 <strong>F12</strong> 按键开启调试模式，就可以看到组成标签。</p>
<p><img src="/2024%5C07%5C31%5CHTML%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B%5CF12.png"></p>
<hr>
<h2 id="什么是-HTML"><a href="#什么是-HTML" class="headerlink" title="什么是 HTML?"></a>什么是 HTML?</h2><p>HTML 是用来描述网页的一种语言。</p>
<ul>
<li>HTML 指的是超文本标记语言: <strong>H</strong>yper<strong>T</strong>ext <strong>M</strong>arkup <strong>L</strong>anguage</li>
<li>HTML 不是一种编程语言，而是一种<strong>标记</strong>语言</li>
<li>标记语言是一套<strong>标记标签</strong> (markup tag)</li>
<li>HTML 使用标记标签来<strong>描述</strong>网页</li>
<li>HTML 文档包含了HTML <strong>标签</strong>及<strong>文本</strong>内容</li>
<li>HTML文档也叫做 <strong>web 页面</strong></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="HTML-标签"><a href="#HTML-标签" class="headerlink" title="HTML 标签"></a>HTML 标签</h2><p>HTML 标记标签通常被称为 HTML 标签 (HTML tag)。</p>
<ul>
<li>HTML 标签是由<em>尖括号</em>包围的关键词，比如 <html></li>
<li>HTML 标签通常是<em>成对出现</em>的，比如 <b> 和 </b></li>
<li>标签对中的第一个标签是<em>开始标签</em>，第二个标签是<em>结束标签</em></li>
<li>开始和结束标签也被称为<em>开放标签</em>和<em>闭合标签</em></li>
</ul>
<p><标签>内容</标签></p>
<hr>
<h2 id="HTML-元素"><a href="#HTML-元素" class="headerlink" title="HTML 元素"></a>HTML 元素</h2><p>“HTML 标签” 和 “HTML 元素” 通常都是描述同样的意思.</p>
<p>但是严格来讲, 一个 HTML 元素包含了开始标签与结束标签，如下实例:</p>
<p>HTML 元素:</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-markup" data-language="markup"><code class="language-markup"><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>这是一个段落。<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"></</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<hr>
<h2 id="Web-浏览器"><a href="#Web-浏览器" class="headerlink" title="Web 浏览器"></a>Web 浏览器</h2><p>Web浏览器（如edge浏览器，360浏览器，谷歌浏览器，Internet Explorer，Firefox，Safari）是用于读取HTML文件，并将其作为网页显示。</p>
<p>浏览器并不是直接显示的HTML标签，但可以使用标签来决定如何展现HTML页面的内容给用户：</p>
<p><img src="/2024%5C07%5C31%5CHTML%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B%5Chtml-first.png"></p>
<hr>
<h2 id="HTML-网页结构"><a href="#HTML-网页结构" class="headerlink" title="HTML 网页结构"></a>HTML 网页结构</h2><p>下面是一个可视化的HTML页面结构：</p>
<p><img src="/2024%5C07%5C31%5CHTML%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B%5CHTML%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84.png"></p>
<p>只有 <body> 区域 (白色部分) 才会在浏览器中显示。</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="HTML版本"><a href="#HTML版本" class="headerlink" title="HTML版本"></a>HTML版本</h2><p>从初期的网络诞生后，已经出现了许多HTML版本:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">版本</th>
<th align="left">发布时间</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="left">HTML</td>
<td align="left">1991</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">HTML+</td>
<td align="left">1993</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">HTML 2.0</td>
<td align="left">1995</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">HTML 3.2</td>
<td align="left">1997</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">HTML 4.01</td>
<td align="left">1999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">XHTML 1.0</td>
<td align="left">2000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">HTML5</td>
<td align="left">2012</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">XHTML5</td>
<td align="left">2013</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<hr>
<h2 id="声明"><a href="#声明" class="headerlink" title="<!DOCTYPE> 声明"></a><!DOCTYPE> 声明</h2><!DOCTYPE><p>声明有助于浏览器中正确显示网页。</p>
<p>网络上有很多不同的文件，如果能够正确声明HTML的版本，浏览器就能正确显示网页内容。</p>
<p>doctype 声明是不区分大小写的，以下方式均可：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-markup" data-language="markup"><code class="language-markup"><span class="token doctype"><span class="token punctuation"><!</span><span class="token doctype-tag">DOCTYPE</span> <span class="token name">html</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token doctype"><span class="token punctuation"><!</span><span class="token doctype-tag">DOCTYPE</span> <span class="token name">HTML</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token doctype"><span class="token punctuation"><!</span><span class="token doctype-tag">doctype</span> <span class="token name">html</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token doctype"><span class="token punctuation"><!</span><span class="token doctype-tag">Doctype</span> <span class="token name">Html</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<hr>
<h2 id="通用声明"><a href="#通用声明" class="headerlink" title="通用声明"></a>通用声明</h2><h3 id="HTML5"><a href="#HTML5" class="headerlink" title="HTML5"></a>HTML5</h3><pre class="line-numbers language-markup" data-language="markup"><code class="language-markup"><span class="token doctype"><span class="token punctuation"><!</span><span class="token doctype-tag">DOCTYPE</span> <span class="token name">html</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h3 id="HTML-4-01"><a href="#HTML-4-01" class="headerlink" title="HTML 4.01"></a>HTML 4.01</h3><pre class="line-numbers language-markup" data-language="markup"><code class="language-markup"><span class="token doctype"><span class="token punctuation"><!</span><span class="token doctype-tag">DOCTYPE</span> <span class="token name">HTML</span> <span class="token name">PUBLIC</span> <span class="token string">"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"</span>
<span class="token string">"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h3 id="XHTML-1-0"><a href="#XHTML-1-0" class="headerlink" title="XHTML 1.0"></a>XHTML 1.0</h3><pre class="line-numbers language-markup" data-language="markup"><code class="language-markup"><span class="token doctype"><span class="token punctuation"><!</span><span class="token doctype-tag">DOCTYPE</span> <span class="token name">html</span> <span class="token name">PUBLIC</span> <span class="token string">"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"</span>
<span class="token string">"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<hr>
<h2 id="中文编码"><a href="#中文编码" class="headerlink" title="中文编码"></a>中文编码</h2><p>目前在大部分浏览器中，直接输出中文会出现中文乱码的情况，这时候我们就需要在头部将字符声明为 UTF-8 或 GBK。</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-markup" data-language="markup"><code class="language-markup"><span class="token doctype"><span class="token punctuation"><!</span><span class="token doctype-tag">DOCTYPE</span> <span class="token name">html</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>html</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>head</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>meta</span> <span class="token attr-name">charset</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">"</span>UTF-8<span class="token punctuation">"</span></span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>title</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
页面标题<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"></</span>title</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"></</span>head</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>body</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>h1</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>我的第一个标题<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"></</span>h1</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"><</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>我的第一个段落。<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"></</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"></</span>body</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation"></</span>html</span><span class="token punctuation">></span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<hr>
<p>注：对于设置 <strong><meta charset="utf-8" /></strong> 后出现网页乱码问题，其实归根到底就是：你<strong>通过 *<em>meta*</em> 标签设置的编码</strong>和<strong>网页文件在保存时所使用的文档编码</strong>不相同造成的！</p>
<p>至于有的人说什么 360 浏览器默认 <strong>GBK</strong> 会造成乱码，我只想说的是，</p>
<p>只要你在 html 文件里写了 **<!doctype hmtl>**和 <strong><meta charset="utf-8" /><strong>，浏览器就绝对会按照 <strong>utf-8</strong> 编码解析网页，没有第二种可能！再次重点说明：</strong>保存 html 文件时，文档编码和 *<em>meta*</em> 设置的编码，一定要相同，只要不相同，就一定会出现乱码！</strong></p>
<p>之所以一定要写上 **<!doctype html>**，就是为了防止浏览器的怪异模式，强制浏览器按照标准模式渲染网页！</p>
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